Water accounting frameworks apply as a tool for organizing water data and water resources assessment. Adopting SEEA – Water framework, the paper will go through integrated water resource assessment in the Ajabshir study area in 2006 and 2016. The assessment was carried out based on the indicators associated to the different dimensions of water security in the area such as water resources, economic and social. According to the indicators of water resources dimension, agriculture, with more than 96% of water consumption, has the most effect on water stress. According to the intensity of water consumption in 2006 and 2016, the local water resource is highly unsustainable. Per capita renewable water increased from 835 m3 per person in 2006 to 1179 m3 per person in 1395. That is mainly due to the decrease of 17% of the population in 2016 compared to that in 2006, decrease in outflow to Lake Urmia because of the GHALEH-CHAY dam, as well as the further transbasin water import. The marginal value changes in the economic productivity of water in the agricultural sector indicate that the economic drivers of agricultural sector were highly dominating the growth mechanism in the area, which can result in ignoring strategic water resources restrictions in favor of short-term individual economic gains. In spite of decline in water consumption in the service and constant water consumption in the industrial sectors, increase in services and industrial revenues has led to an increase in the economic productivity of water in those sectors.

Introduction: Qaleh Chay dam basin is one of the largest irrigation regions for food production in Ajabshir and household livelihood mostly depends on agriculture but the occurrence of drought periods and extraction of underground water has led to a reduction in surface water and underground aquifers. Continuing this process will reduce the agricultural production and consequently the region will encounter economic crisis. On the other hand, the uncertainties of various factors such as rainfall and temperature, which are not easily quantified, would affect agricultural resource system. in current study in order to response to mentioned crisis and uncertainties, interval two-stage stochastic programming (ITSP) has been proposed for water allocation of Ajbashir Qaleh chay dam among agricultural products and the results have been compared with extended ITSP. Materials and Methods: Interval two-stage stochastic programming (ITSP) is an effective alternative to deal with uncertainties and it can be formulated as follows: Subject to: (water availability constraint) (water allocation goal constraint) (non-negativity and technical constraint) where = system benefit; = net benefit to crop per m3 of water allocated; = promised target of water allocation quantity for crop; = deficit to crop per m3 of water not delivered; = water deficit to crop when the flow is; = the total amount of flow that take values with probabilities; = water loss rate in transport process; = the maximum allowable allocation for crop; = the total amount of crops; = type of crop. Extended ITSP is an effective alternative to cope with water scarcity. The model can be formulated as follows: Where = cost of increasing 1 m3 water for crop while using alternative; = total number of alternatives; = available amount of water for crop while using alternative; is a binary decision variable that takes 1 if crop when using alternative and the seasonal flow is. Results and Discussion: The data for the selected products (wheat, barley, potato, onion, grape, walnut, almond and apple) were collected from Regional Water Authority and Agriculture Jihad Organization of East Azarbaijan in 2015-16, and in some cases, completed by a questionnaire. The model was written in the GAMS package. Results of ITSP showed that under the low flow level, the total amount of water allocated to all crops would be zero with the exception of almonds where the final allocation of water for it would be [3. 64, 20. 61]. therefor, Under the medium flow level, the allocation of water for potato, onions, walnuts, almonds and apples would be[0, 5. 49], [0, 28. 57], [1. 30, 35. 71], 31. 43 and 20 ×1000 m3 respectively and it would be zero for others. Finally under high flow level there would be no water shortage for all products. Water shortages may occur when the seasonal water flows do not be adequate for the promised water allocation for each crop. In such cases users will have to utilize supplementary resources. The results of extended ITSP showed that for wheat, barley, onion, grape and almond the third alternative under low level and the first one under medium flow level can be used. For potato and apple under low level the first alternative and under medium flow level the third one can be applied. Both the first and the third alternative could be utilized for walnut if the flow level was low. Finally, comparing the value of the objective function of ITSP and extended ITSP showed that with the utilization of supplementary resources for satisfying the water needs, the net profit of the system decreases slightly. Conclusion: In this paper, ITSP method was used to allocate water to agriculture products. The results showed that there was water scarcity for products on drought and normal years. Users can utilize supplementary resources to cope with water scarcity. An extended ITSP method is based on retrieving water shortage and its results revealed that the system net benefit decreases as supplementary water reservoirs were used for water shortages. Based on the results obtained, highlighting the irrigation efficiency is recommended.

Low participation and poor temporal and local distribution of rainfall in Iran and the importance of food security and sustainable agriculture make the need for proper and scientific use of water resources inevitable. In this study, optimal utilization of water resources of Ajbashir Qaleh Chay Dam in agricultural sector was investigated using extended Interval two-stage stochastic programming (ITSP) and extended ITSP with fuzzy variables. The data were collected from Regional Water Company and Agriculture Jihad Organization of East Azarbaijan in 2015-16, and in some cases, completed by a questionnaire. The model were written in the GAMS package. Results of extended ITSP showed that if the optimization method is used, the final allocation of water is zero, at low flow level for wheat and grape, at normal flow level for wheat, barley and grapes, and at high current levels for wheat and potato. The results of extended ITSP with fuzzy variables shows that the final water allocation at low flow level for wheat and grapes, at the normal flow level for wheat, barley and potato and at high current levels for wheat, barley and onion is zero. For the rest of the products, the optimal water allocation target is provided based on this optimized model. Comparing the total system profits of the two models shows that in the fuzzy model, the profit and system certainty increases simultaneously. Therefore, due to the lack of water resources in the agricultural sector and uncertainty, the officials of agriculture in Ajbashir by providing an optimal model while increasing farmers' profitability, reduce the unsustainability of water resources.

A B S T R A C TThe morphology of each region is related to its landforms, the morphology of flat areas is related to inselbergs. The presence of inselbergs in desert and dry areas gives a special appearance to the morphology of these areas. The study of these landforms and the effective factors in their formation is considered a necessity in terms of regional development. According to the studies, various factors play a role in the formation of inselbergs, and the role of lithology seems to be more prominent. In this research, which was conducted with the method of field and library studies, we identified 18 inselbergs in Safi Abad plain and by studying them, we came to the conclusion that the inselbergs of this plain are mainly formed in sedimentary rocks such as limestone, conglomerate and sandstone. Among the geological formations, the largest and most diverse inselbergs in the Safiabad plain are formed in the mass conglomerate formation with good hardening because this formation is the most widespread in this plain. But the most typical inselbergs of this plain are formed in thick layered limestone. Because this formation is more resistant to erosion. Lar Formations including Limestone and Thick Limestone’s to Mass Dolomite and Delichai Formations have also played an important role in the formation of inselbergs in this plain. Although the extent of these formations is not significant, but due to their significant resistance to erosion and being far from these processes, they have caused the formation of evolved inselbergs in this plainExtended AbstractIntroductionInselbergs are ridges with a height of less than 500 meters formed with a steep slope in the plains. Their resistance to erosion has caused them to be considered capable players in the morphology of arid and semi-arid regions. Due to their uniqueness in desert areas, these areas are of interest to tourists, and the economic situation of these areas can be improved by attracting tourists. The prominence of inselbergs in desert areas has caused researchers to pay attention to their studies, the most important of which are the studies of Pye in Kenya (1984), Nenonen in Finland (2018), Luiza in Brazil (2021), Laetitia in Africa (2019), and Mashaal in Egypt (2020). Although the conditions for inselberg formation are available in some areas of Iran, and these landforms have given a particular face to the morphology of this country, no significant study has been done on them so far. This research attempts to investigate the role of lithology in inselberg formation in Safi Abad Plain by using library and field studies. MethodologySafi Abad plain in the northeast of Iran and North Khorasan province and in terms of geographical coordinates between 36-˚ 48-05 to 36-22-55˚ North and 37-57˚ East to 36-˚ 37-08 It is located at 57-58-11 east. Field and library studies were used to study the inselbergs of this plain. The entire region was surveyed in 2 years in the field studies, and 18 inselbergs were identified. Then, the location and extent of their expansion were determined. In the morphometry that was done as a survey, the minimum height, length-to-width ratio of inselbergs, and their distance from each other were measured with GPS. The study of the concepts, definitions, and effective processes in inselberg formation was done with the library method. The maps of this research were drawn with Adobe Illustrator software. Results and discussionInselbergs are diverse in terms of morphology; in the studied area, 18 inselbergs were identified, most of which are mixed. Most of them are rocky and have less vegetation. Regarding lithology, inselbergs are particular forms of igneous and metamorphic rocks, but some are also formed in other rocks. Although lithology plays an essential role in inselberg morphology, it cannot be claimed that inselbergs formed in the same formation have the same shape. Although the dominant lithology of the Safi Abad plain is formed from sedimentary rocks, due to the different resistance of its formations, the height, shape, and slope of the inselbergs of this plain are different in different parts of the region. The difference in these characteristics has caused the different shapes of the land in this plain. According to the studies of the most resistant formations of Safi Abad plain against erosion, limestone is a thick layer of chert mass formed due to the resistance against the erosion of the complete inselbergs.After this formation, the Lar formation consists of fine-grained uniform dolomitic limestone with thick to massive layering, which is more resistant; that is why many inselbergs in the region have formed in it. The third formation in terms of resistance is the Apsin-Albin unit, which includes orbitolinate limestone and thick limes to a mass of dolomite. Although this unit has a small area, its inselbergs are closer to typical inselbergs. In terms of area, most of the area is composed of mass conglomerates with good hardening. Due to the different effects of this formation from different processes, its inselbergs do not have the same morphology. The inselbergs formed in this formation are in the middle part of the high area, low in the southern part, incomplete in the western part, and incomplete mushrooms in the path of the Gerati River. After this formation, gray shales are the most resistant to erosion. This formation, which belongs to the Jurassic period, has formed a large part of the northeastern inselbergs. The alternation of limestone and marl in the Delichai formations in the middle part of the region provides the basis for the formation of mushroom-shaped inselbergs in the future. ConclusionSafiabad Plain is in the northeast of Iran, and in terms of geomorphological units, it is part of central Iran. Inselbergs form part of the morphology of this plain. In this study, 18 inselbergs were identified in this plain, and their detailed study showed that their primary skeleton was established by tectonic activities in the Devonian to Miocene period with the formation of Posht Bahram mountains. It was formed when the tectonic activities calmed down and in opposition to the lithology and erosion of the inselbergs of this plain. In terms of lithology, the well-hardened conglomerate formation covers nearly 47% of this plain, and due to its large size and different distances from erosion processes, various inselbergs have been formed in it. The southern inselbergs formed in this formation have a regular shape due to wind and blue erosion. In contrast, the middle inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to the distance from higher erosion, and the western inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to the superiority of blue erosion. Another formation that plays a vital role in this field is Lar Mei Formation. Although this is the second formation in terms of size and strength, many inselbergs have formed in it. The Shemshak formation is placed after the Lar formation in terms of resistance. This formation has caused the formation of chain inselbergs in the northeast of the region. The most typical inselbergs of the region are observed in the thick layered limestones of the formation (Maastrichtian). Also, this research found that inselbergs may be formed in all flat areas of the world and even in sedimentary formations. However, the inselbergs formed are far from those formed in tropical regions' igneous and metamorphic formations. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionThe authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestThe authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Sustainability is considered as an effective framework for managing rural areas against a variety of environmental hazards, including droughts, which require the use of sustainable sustainability techniques. The purpose of this study was to assess the stability of the villages of Qaleh Chaie watershed in Ajabshir city against the drying of Lake Urmia. The research was applied and the information gathering method was library and field research. The statistical population of the study is 21185 people living in 21 villages in this area. The sample size was 380 using Cochran formula and was selected by simple random sampling method. The findings of the study, using the Barometric Model of Sustainability, showed that the environmental sustainability of the villages in the years 2005 to 2017 was exposed with a sustained reduction of-0. 146. From the viewpoint of social sustainability and economic sustainability, they experienced a relative increase of 0. 132 and 0. 055 respectively. Finally, the Javan Qaleh village with a sustainability level of 0. 742 has been the most stable village over the past 15 years and then the villages of Qajuldeh (0. 666) and Yengeje (0. 657) are located. Also, the villages of Chenar, Mahmoudabad and Gonbad have been the most volatile villages in the last 15 years. Also, Kendall's findings showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between the location of villages in Lake Urmia in terms of distance and proximity to their sustainability level at the level of r = 0. 577.

The overall purpose of this research is to present a model for creativity based on organizational culture and organizational justice among staff of the Education Department of Ajbshir city. The population of the study is all teachers of the first and second elementary schools and the secondary education of Ajbashir city is 550 people. The sample size was 226 people based on Cochran formula and selected by stratified random sampling. The data gathering tool consisted of three questionnaires: Randsip's Creativity Questionnaire (1979), Organizational Culture Questionnaire (2001), and Greenberg's Justice Justice Questionnaire (1987). After assessing validity and reliability, it was provided to the statistical sample. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the statistical data. Thus, the effect of organizational culture and organizational justice on the creativity of the staff of the Education Department of Ajbshir city was used by Pearson correlation coefficient and regression test with SPss software. To provide a model for creativity, Amos software was used. Results show that justice Organizational and dimensions of distributive justice, procedural justice and the justice of interactions and organizational culture and the dimensions of entrepreneurial culture, participatory culture, mission culture and bureaucratic culture are effective on the creativity of education staff in Ajbashir city. Also, in a simultaneous effect between the dimensions of organizational culture, entrepreneurship culture and organizational justice dimensions, justice affects interpersonal relationships on the creativity of Ajbashir County Education Department staff. And the pattern presented for creativity based on organizational culture and organizational justice indicates that the model is fit and validated.

Introduction Due to the specific geographical and geological situation of Iran, the earthquake phenomenon imposes numerous human and financial losses on our country every year, and identifying areas prone to earthquakes and providing practical solutions are among the ways to reduce these losses. Also, by examining the impact of the subsidence phenomenon in the seismic process and reaching a comprehensive and practical model, it is possible to prevent and adjust the volume and scope of potential incidents rooted from this widespread hazard; noting that the relevant institutions have all the necessary regulations and standards for construction and safety regarding this process. The earthquake-prone areas which were subject to subsidence and earthquakes at the same time were reviewed. Conducting comprehensive and detailed studies in order to create a complete and scientific structure to identify and provide maps and updated information on the adaptation of the seismic situation and the subsidence of the country helps to prevent the occurrence of accidents and widespread loss of life and capital during these phenomena. In this regard, this study was planned aiming to investigate and assess the effect of subsidence on the seismicity trends of Varamin and Shahriar plains in Tehran region. Materials and method The current research aims to investigate the effect of subsidence rate changes on the seismicity trend using Sentinel-1 satellite data from 2014 to 2021. The studied area is in the southern part of the Alborz mountain range, namely Varamin Plain and Shahriar Plain which are located in the southern and western extremes of Tehran province, respectively. Due to the sensitivity of the research topic and to obtain more accurate results, a combination of digital information and hydrological data along with radar images of the area and field data were processed and analysed. Geological maps 1:50000, fault and seismicity 1:1000000 from the Geological Organization, topography 1:25000 from the National Mapping Organization, and seismic data from the years 1350 to 1400 were obtained from the Geophysics Institute of Tehran University and the International Research Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering of Tehran. The data from 46 piezometer wells in the region from 2014 to 2021 were used for zoning and checking the underground water level. The satellite data of the Sentinel-1 sensor was used for interferometry to determine the subsidence rate of the region. Results In the present study, the correction of the seismic catalog with standard techniques and the micro-seismic catalog showed that Varamin and Shahriar plains have subsidence rates of 65 and 54.5 cm per year, respectively, based on changes of 600,000 cubic meters per year in the volume of the aquifer. The studied case has led to the minimum stress changes in the area to the extent of 5 bar to 17 bar (equivalent to 500 to 1700 kilopascals). Also, the seismicity pattern of the area shows an increasing trend in the occurrence of subsequent earthquakes on one side, and a shortening of the seismic return period in the studied area on the other side. Conclusion The high consistency of the data trend in the distribution charts demonstrates the consistency of the subsidence trend and, subsequently, its effect on the seismicity trend of the studied area, which in turn indicates the effect of subsidence on the seismicity trend in the studied areas. The stress output resulting from loading shows a high increase in the stress of the area on one hand, and a decrease in pore pressure on the other hand. This is due to the decrease in the resistance of the soil in the studied area which manifests in the form of collapses and falling of structures and, with an emphasis on the extensive decrease in the strength of surface and subsurface layers, causes subsidence and intensification of subsidence in the region. To put it shortly, both of these phenomena will influence one another in an increasing cycle.

Subsidence is an environmental phenomenon caused by the gradual subsidence or sudden subsidence of the earthchr('39')s surface. The phenomenon of subsidence in residential, industrial and agricultural areas can cause catastrophic damage. In most parts of Iran, there is a high correlation between land subsidence and the decrease of groundwater level and consequently the density of soil layers. In this study, using two time series of radar images with artificial apertures from Sentinel sensors belonging to 2014 and 2019, the amount of subsidence in Damaneh plain (Frieden city) was calculated. Wells were studied in the period 2014 to 2019, the results of the study of the correlation between land subsidence with changes in groundwater level at the level of 95% was significant. In the continuation of the research, using the logistic regression model, the subsidence trend in the study area was predicted and a subsidence probability map was prepared and created as a dependent variable for the logistic regression model. The independent variables used included altitude, slope, slope direction, geology, distance from the road, distance from the river, land use, distance from the village, groundwater level, piezometric wells. The output of the model is subsidence risk zoning map which was created in five classes. The accuracy and validation of the logistic regression model was evaluated using the system performance characteristic curve and the accuracy (0.89) was obtained. The good accuracy of the logistic regression model in producing the probability map Subsidence is in the study area. In the output of the model, it was found that the area of ​​1980 hectares, equivalent to 7.9%, has a very severe subsidence that has put the situation in a dangerous situation and the need for control and management to reduce this destructive effect.

The study of the aquifer hydrogeochemical processes and the detailed investigation of the groundwater pollutants in order to control the pollution and prevent its environmental consequences are of special importance. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of the Siahroud River on lead and nitrate contamination of groundwater in Qaimshahr-Joibar plain. For this purpose, two surface water samples were collected from Siahroud River, before and after Qaimshahr city, and 13 groundwater samples were collected from 13 wells, located in the bed of Siahroud river, in three periods during 2019-2020. The of nitrate, lead and dissolved oxygen concentrations of the samples were measured in the laboratory of Mazandaran Regional Water Company. The assessment of the pollution of water resources in the area shows that the discharge of urban, rural and industrial sewage and agricultural drains into the Siahroud River has caused an increase in the concentration of nitrate and lead ions in the groundwater. The Siahroud River has had an impact on groundwater pollution in the Qaimshahr plain in the upstream and some middle parts of the range due to the direction of groundwater flow and the exchange that exists between the river and the aquifer, as well as the direct discharge of pollutant sources to surface water.